Professional Activities

Professional

Societies

Decision Analysis Society of INFORMS

    Past-Chair (renamed Past-President), 2002-04

    Chair, Spring 2000-2002

    Chair-Elect, Spring 1998-2000

    Chair, Practice Award Competition, 2002 and 2003

Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

    (INFORMS)

    Founding Director-at-Large, 1995, 1996, Liaison for Education Cluster

    Finance Committee, 1995

    NSF Liaison Committee, 1995-98

The Institute of Management Sciences

    Elected Vice President-Finance, Sept. 1993 - Dec. 1994, served

        simultaneously as chair of TIMS Investment Committee

    TIMS Nominations Committee, Spring 1993

    Chair, Cost-Benefit Subcommittee to Evaluate TIMS/ORSA Merger,

        Fall 1993

    Council Member, 1991-93

    Chair, Editorial review committee for Organization Science, 1992

    OR/MS Board Finance Committee member, 1992-94
Operations Research Society of America, Elected to Full Member, 1985

    Nominations Committee Member, 1990

    ORSA Special Interest Group on Decision Analysis, elected Council

        Member, 1986-89

    Employment Opportunities Chair, TIMS-ORSA Joint National Meeting,

        Los Angeles, April 1986

Orange County ORSA-TIMS Joint Chapter, Founder, Member through

        1989

Society for Risk Analysis

Society for Judgment and Decision Making, Charter Member

European Association for Decision Making

International Federation of Operations Research Societies (IFORS)

    member of Program Committee for 2002

    Conference in Edinburgh; 2005 conference in Hawaii
Invited Nominator of Candidates for Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic

    Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, most recently 1/2002

    (Subsequently awarded to Daniel Kahneman and Vernon Smith) & 1/04,

    1/05

Editorial

Appointments

Reviewer

Activity

Operations Research, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Risk Analysis, Medical Decision Making, Naval Logistics Research Quarterly, Decision Sciences, Information Systems and Operational Research, Psychological Science, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Environmental Management, American Economic Review.

Journal
Planning
		Spearheaded effort to found Decision Analysis Journal.  

		Organized planning meeting in San Francisco, February, 1999, and conference panel discussion.

		Chair, Decision Analysis Journal Founding Editor Search Committee, Dec. 2000-April 2001.

PRESENTATIONS AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS, UNIVERSITIES, AND COMMUNITY GROUPS

Tianjun Feng (presenter), L. Robin Keller, UC Irvine, Lowell Kessel, Craig Kirkwood, Nancy Jones, Jay Simon, “A Multiple-objective, Multiple-stakeholder Decision Analysis Approach for Water Resources Planning,” INFORMS International Meeting, Hong Kong, June 2006. Invited presentation in session organized by Keller.

Abstract: We conducted a web-based survey of water resources stakeholders to structure a multiple objective decision model for water resource policy in Central Arizona, USA. The model informs stakeholder communications and research activities; highlights special interests of important stakeholders; and helps focus discussion and promote constructive interaction for water policy planning.

L. Robin Keller, Dipayan Biswas (Bentley College), Tianjun Feng , Xiaona Zheng (Peking University), “Using a Time-Weighted Approach to Assess Multiple Attribute Utility,” presented as a poster at the Behavioral Decision Research in Management Conference, June 2006, Santa Monica.

Abstract: We propose a novel methodology to measure a person’s multiple attribute utility for a set of activities based on time allocation among activities and demonstrate it with survey data from beachgoers in Huntington Beach. The time-weighted multiple attribute utility for the entire beach visit experience was computed for each respondent, using the participant's weights on objectives, utility of each activity on each objective, and time spent on each activity. The methodology is tested by assessing the relationships between the computed time-weighted utilities and other related variables in the survey responses.

Tianjun Feng, L. Robin Keller, and Xiaona Zheng, “Home Depot in San Juan Capistrano: A Multi- Objective Multi-Stakeholder Decision Case,” presented as a poster at Teaching pre-conference of the Behavioral Decision Research in Management Conference, June 2006, Santa Monica.

L. Robin Keller, Dinner speaker on “How to Make Smart Choices: Value-Focused Decision Making,” Life Office Management Association, Orange County, June 7, 2006.

L. Robin Keller, “Medical Decision Analysis,” Grand Rounds presentation for the Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, UCI Hospital, May 2, 2006.

Craig W. Kirkwood, L. Robin Keller (presenter), and Nancy Jones, “Water Resource Management Priorities for Central Arizona Water Experts” March 1, 2006, Arizona State University Decision Center for a Desert City Water Briefing.

Abstract: Results were presented from a survey of Central Arizona water experts that addressed water planning factors and important forthcoming water management decisions and policy recommendations. The experts were asked for their priorities among approximately thirty specific concerns within the seven categories of Central Arizona socio-economic impacts, financial and technical requirements, health and safety, impacts on the natural/biophysical environment, indirect/external impacts, political impacts & governance, and sufficiency of water supplies. Responses were obtained from experts in policy, planning, engineering, hydrology, and other fields within governmental, private sector, and interest group organizations. The results show areas of agreement and disagreement among stakeholders, as well as some priorities that may have implications for the role of the Decision Center for a Desert City.

Craig Kirkwood, L. Robin Keller, and Nancy Jones, “Decision Research in Water Resources Management: A Multiple-Objective, Multiple-Stakeholder Analysis,” poster presentation at Central Arizona – Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER), Eighth Annual Poster Symposium, January 19, 2006, Arizona State University.

Tianjun Feng, L. Robin Keller (presenter), and Xiaona Zheng, “Home Depot in San Juan Capistrano: Multi-objective Multi-stakeholder Decision Case,” Fall 2005, Presentation at INFORMS conference Case Competition sponsored by INFORMS Forum on Education, recipient of Finalist award.

L. Robin Keller, Craig Kirkwood (presenter), W.P Carey School of Business, ASU, Nancy Jones, Decision Center for a Desert City, ASU, “Decision Research in Water Resources Management: A Multiple-objective, Multiple-stakeholder Analysis,” invited presentation for New Orleans (moved to San Francisco) INFORMS conference, November 2005.

Abstract: We used a multiple objective decision modeling approach to create a comprehensive catalog of concerns identified by key stakeholders for guiding water resource policy in Central Arizona. The model informs stakeholder communications and research activities; highlights special interests of important stakeholders; and helps focus discussion and promote constructive interaction for water policy planning in Central Arizona.

Tianjun Feng (presenter) and L. Robin Keller, “Modeling the Effects of Reference Point Dependence on Supplier Selection,” invited presentation at IFORS conference, July 2005, Honolulu.

Abstract: The primary goal of this paper is to develop an analytical framework for a buyer to understand the impact of reference level and loss aversion on supplier selection and make smart choices among her suppliers. A mathematical reference-dependent model is proposed to explore the effects on supplier selection by evaluating the suppliers relative to multi-attribute reference points characterized by price, delivery time guarantee.

L. Robin Keller, “How Decision Analysis Approaches Can Complement Risk Assessments to Improve Environmental Decision Making,” Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting, December 2004, Palm Springs.

L. Robin Keller, Tianjun “Mike” Feng and Qiang “David” Zeng, “Multiple Objective Decision Analysis for Potassium Iodide Distribution in Nuclear Incidents,” Denver, Oct. 2004, INFORMS Conference.

Tianjun Feng and L. Robin Keller, “Modeling the Effects of Reference Point Dependence on Supplier Selection,” Denver, Oct. 2004, INFORMS Conference, presented by Feng.

S. David Brazer and L. Robin Keller, “The Multiobjective Multistakeholder Decision Making Model–Revealing Decision Making as it Happens,” July 7, 2004, UCSB Center for Educational Leadership Summer Forum.

L. Robin Keller, Dipayan Biswas, Tianjun Feng and Xiaona Zheng, UCI GSM Doctoral Student-Faculty Brown Bag Lunch Series, (February 26, 2004) “The Times of Your Life: Using a Time-weighted Approach to Assess Multiple-Objective Value.”

L. Robin Keller co-chaired a session on “Advances in Decision Analysis,” October 2003, conference of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS).

Dipayan Biswas, L. Robin Keller, Xiaona Zheng, and Tianjun Feng. “Time-Weighted Utility for Multiobjective Multistakeholder Perspectives for Environmental Problems.” (Subtitle: “How Much Do I Like a Day at the Beach: To Go in for a Dip or Not? The Time-Weighted Utility of a Day at the Beach”), Oct. 2003, INFORMS, Atlanta.

Dipayan Biswas, L. Robin Keller, and Xiaona Zheng, “To Go in for a Dip or Not? The Time-Weighted Utility of a Day at the Beach,” presented at Bayesian Research Conference, San Fernando Valley, February 2003.

L. Robin Keller, “ Multiple Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Huntington Beach Ocean Pollution,” presented to Men’s Forum, Regents Point (Retirement Home), Irvine, January 23, 2003.

Jeffery L. Guyse and L. Robin Keller, “Valuing Lives Lost Over Time,” presented at INFORMS conference, San Jose, Nov. 2002.

Dipayan Biswas and L. Robin Keller, “To Go in for a Dip or Not? Perceived Probabilities of Swimming Despite Beach Risk Warning Signs: Impact of Peer Presence and Frequency of Beach Visits,” Presented at the Behavioral Decision Research in Management Conference, University of Chicago, Spring 2002.

L. Robin Keller, Jeffery L. Guyse and Dipayan Biswas, “Multiple Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Management of Water Systems and Pollution,” presented at 1) the Miami INFORMS conference, November 2001, 2) the Society for Risk Analysis conference, Seattle, December 2001, and 3) International Federation of Operations Research Societies (IFORS) Conference, Edinburgh, July 2002.

L. Robin Keller, “Preferences for Environmental Outcomes: Consistent with Discounting Models or Not?” presented at Stanford University, Decision Analysis Colloquium, Decision and Ethics Center, Department of Management Science and Engineering; April 12, 2001.

L. Robin Keller, “Preferences for Environmental Outcomes: Consistent with Discounting Models or Not?” presented at the EPA conference on "Economic Valuation of Mortality Risk Reduction: Assessing the State of the Art for Policy Applications," Silver Spring, MD, Nov. 6-7, 2001. Proceedings (written by EPA staff) are posted on the National Center for Environmental Economics web site. http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eerm.nsf/vwRepNumLookup/EE-0464?OpenDocument Follow the link to download the proceedings from Session IV, Risk Characteristics.

Jeffery L. Guyse and L. Robin Keller, “Valuing Lives Lost Over Time,” presented at INFORMS International conference, Maui, June 2001, and Society for Medical Decision Making, San Diego, October 2001.

L. Robin Keller, Rakesh K. Sarin and Jay Sounderpandian, “Shift in Choices and Willingness to Pay when Individuals or Pairs Face Ambiguous and Less Ambiguous Risky Choices,” presented at the Research Colloquium in Operations and Decision Technologies, Graduate School of Management, UCI, May 5, 2000; Salt Lake City INFORMS Conference, May 2000, in session co-organized by Keller and Sounderpandian; Behavioral Decision Research in Management conference, May 2000, Tucson; Foundations of Utility and Risk conference X, Turin, Italy, May 2001, presented by Sounderpandian.

L. Robin Keller, “Moving Decision Analysis towards a Naturalistic Modeling Methodology for Multi-Objective Multi-Stakeholder Decision Cases,” presented in Naturalistic Decision Making session, Salt Lake City INFORMS conference, May 2000.

Jeffery L. Guyse, L. Robin Keller, and Thomas Eppel, "Assessing Preferences for Environmental Decisions with Long-Term Consequences," Society for Risk Analysis, Scottsdale, December 1998; "Preferences for Sequences of Long-Term Environmental Consequences," Subjective Probability, Utility and Decision Making Conference, Mannheim, Germany, August 1999, Los Angeles Judgment/Decision Making meeting in November 1999. Presented by Guyse at INFORMS Cincinnati, May 1999; Current Research in OR and OM Conference at UCLA, June 1999; INFORMS Philadelphia in November 1999 in session on Decision Analysis involving Outcomes over Time and Environmental Risks organized by Keller; and Atlanta Society for Risk Analysis, December 1999.

L. Robin Keller and Craig Kirkwood, Co-chaired panel on founding a decision analysis journal, INFORMS Seattle, October 1998. Also served on “Panel on the Future of Decision Analysis Society Awards.”

Monika I. Winn (presenter) and L. Robin Keller, “Harnessing Complexity, Idiosyncrasy and Time: A Modeling Methodology for Corporate Multi-Stakeholder Decisions,” presented at International Association for Business and Society Conference, Paris, France, June 1999.

Joanna L. Ho, L. Robin Keller and Pam Keltyka, “Managers’ Variance Investigation Decisions: An Experimental Examination of Probabilistic and Outcome Ambiguity,” presented by Ho at American Accounting Association annual meeting, 1999 and (combined with paper on managers’ investment choices) at 1998 Accounting Behavior and Organizations Research Conference.

Young-Hee Cho, L. Robin Keller, and M. Lynne Cooper, "Predicting Health Decisions: The Application of Subjective Expected Utility and Remaining Challenges," at INFORMS, Montreal, April 1998, and "Applying Decision-Making Approaches to Health Issues: Progress and Remaining Challenges," at Mathematical Psychology Conference, August 1997, presented by Cho.

Wen-Qiang Bian and L. Robin Keller, "What's Fair and What's Best: Chinese and North Americans in Decisions Affecting Health and Safety Risks and Decisions in a Market Economy," presented by Bian at Dallas INFORMS National Meeting, October 1997, and "Reductionist Thinking in Chinese Decision Making and a Framework to Add Culture into Decision Making Models: Interviews with Chinese Executives and a Case Study of a Service Quality Program," and "Chinese and Americans Agree on What's Fair, but Disagree on What's Best in Societal Decisions Affecting Health and Safety Risks," presented at the Seventh Behavioral Decision Research in Management Conference, Miami, June 1998.

L. Robin Keller and Craig W. Kirkwood, "The Role of Decision Analysis in Forming INFORMS," presented at International Workshop on Decision Analysis Applications, sponsored by the Instituto de España, Madrid, Spain, July 1997, as one of 12 special invited international speakers.

Wen-Qiang Bian and L. Robin Keller, "Decisions and Fairness Judgments on Risks and Prices by North Americans versus Chinese, " presented at EURO XV/INFORMS XXXIV Joint International Conference, Barcelona, Spain, July 1997, and at 8th International Conference on the Foundations and Applications of Utility, Risk and Decision Theory, Mons, Belgium, July 1997.

Wen-Qiang Bian and L. Robin Keller, "Chinese and American Fairness Perceptions and Decisions in Health and Safety Related Situations, " presented by Bian at the 5th Southern California OM/OR Day, Irvine, California, June 1997.

Wen-Qiang Bian and L. Robin Keller, “Chinese and Americans Agree on What’s Fair, but Disagree on What’s Best in Societal Decisions Affecting Health and Safety Risks,” by Bian at San Diego INFORMS Conference, May 1997, by Keller at UCI GSM Brown Bag Seminar, May 1997.

L. Robin Keller, Panel Session Moderator, National Science Foundation Research Opportunities, at San Diego INFORMS Conference, May 1997.

L. Robin Keller and Monika I. Winn, "The Evolution of a Multiple Stakeholder Decision: StarKist's Environmentally Motivated Strategic Decision," presented at the Southern California Conference of Operations Research/Operations Management at UCLA, May 1996.

L. Robin Keller, "Applications of Multi-attribute Utility for Decision Analysis," presented at the Ninth Annual Workshop of the Southern California Society for Risk Analysis on "Current Issues in Risk Management and Human Health," USC, May 1996.

L. Robin Keller, "Decision Sciences Directions," presented to the Department of Decision Sciences, Georgia State University, February 1996.

L. Robin Keller, “Improving Problem Structuring,” INFORMS Meeting, New Orleans, Fall 1995; “Toward a Theory of Problem Structuring,” ORSA/TIMS Meeting, Phoenix, Fall 1993.

L. Robin Keller and Monika Winn, "Stakeholder Value Tree Analysis in the Case of StarKist's Environmentally Motivated Corporate Decision: Retrospective Analysis and Strategic Implications," Society for Risk Analysis, San Diego, December 1992; TIMS/ORSA Meeting, Boston, Spring 1994; Behavioral Decision Research in Management, MIT, May 1994 (Winn presented); EURO Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, July 1994; Decision Research Colloquium, University of Texas, Austin, March 1995.

L. Robin Keller and Rakesh K. Sarin, “Fair Processes for Societal Decisions Involving Distributional Inequalities,” University of Oregon, Feb. 1994; UCI Research Symposium in Operations Research and Operations Management, GSM, May 1994.

L. Robin Keller and Rakesh K. Sarin, "Fair Processes for Siting Hazardous Facilities," presented at Society for Risk Analysis, San Diego, December 1992; Bayesian Research Conference, San Fernando Valley, February 1993; UCI Decision Sciences Colloquium, February 1993; (with different title) TIMS/ORSA Joint National Meeting, Chicago, May 1993.

L. Robin Keller, "How Congress Allocates Research Funds to the National Science Foundation," UCI University Club Forum, January 1993.

Stuart P. Eriksen and L. Robin Keller, "Assessing the Relative Risk Attitude of Physician Decision Makers," Society for Risk Analysis, San Diego, December 1992; TIMS/ORSA Joint National Meeting, Chicago, May 1993.

L. Robin Keller, "Research Support," ORSA Doctoral Colloquium, Stanford University, October 1992.

Joanna L. Ho and L. Robin Keller, "The Effect of Inference Order on Diagnostic Probability Judgments," Behavioral Decision Research in Management Conference, UC Berkeley, May 1992.

L. Robin Keller, "Decision Problem Structuring," presented at Decision Systems Seminar, University of Southern California, December 1991.

Ivy Broder and L. Robin Keller, "Equity Considerations in Managing Risks in Antarctica," presented at UCI conference on "Preference, Risk, and Choice," June 1991; Joint International meeting of the Institute of Management Sciences and the Brazilian Society of Operations Research, Rio de Janeiro, July 1991.

L. Robin Keller, "Descriptive Validity of Assessed Utility Functions and Choice-Based Assessment," talk based on joint work with Richard Daniels, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Decision Sciences Seminar, March 1990; and Carnegie-Mellon University, School of Urban and Public Affairs Seminar, September 1990.

Richard Daniels and L. Robin Keller, "Choice-Based Assessment of Utility Functions," presented at University of Virginia, Darden School, January 1991; Harvard University Decision Sciences Colloquium, December 1990; Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute, Decision Sciences and Engineering Systems, November 1990; FUR V Conference, Duke University, June 1990; ORSA/TIMS Joint National Meeting, New York, Oct. 1989; Bayesian Research Conference, February 1990.

L. Robin Keller and Uzi Segal, "An Experimental Study of Certainty Equivalents Assessed via the Becker-de Groot-Marschak Mechanism," presented at the TIMS/ORSA Joint National Meeting, Las Vegas, May 1990.

L. Robin Keller, "The Role of Generalized Utility Theories in Descriptive, Prescriptive, and Normative Decision Analysis," invited presentation at the "Utility: Theories, Measurements and Applications" Conference, June 1989, Santa Cruz, CA.

Lauraine G. Chestnut, L. Robin Keller, and William E. Lambert, "Modeling Heart Patients' Preferences over Health States," presented at the ORSA/TIMS Joint National Meeting, Denver, CO, October 1988.

Richard Daniels and L. Robin Keller, "An Experimental Evaluation of the Descriptive Validity of Lottery Dependent Utility Theory," presented at the TIMS/ORSA Joint National Meeting, Washington, D.C., April 25-27, 1988; University of British Columbia, Nov. 1988; Purdue University, Jan. 1989.

L. Robin Keller, "Artful Science or Scientific Art? Towards a Prescriptive Paradigm for Decision Problem Structuring," invited presentation at the ORSA/TIMS Joint National Meeting, St. Louis, October 25-28, 1987. Also presented at the 26th Annual Bayesian Research Conference, Los Angeles, February 1988.

L. Robin Keller and Rakesh K. Sarin, "Equity in Social Risk: Some Empirical Observations," presented at the University of Wisconsin, Department of Industrial Engineering, March 11, 1987; Annual Meeting of Public Choice Society in conjunction with the Economic Science Association, Tucson, AZ, March 1987; Conference on the Health and Behavioral Impacts of Environmental Hazards, UCI, May 1987; Behavioral Decision Research in Management Conference, University of Texas, Austin, June 1987.

Social-Personality Psychology Club, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 1989; and the class on "How Society Deals with Technological Hazards" at University of Maryland (Prof. V. Bier), February1990.

L. Robin Keller and William E. Lambert, "Multiattribute Utility Modeling of Cardiac Health Effects from Carbon Monoxide Exposure," Center for Health Policy Research and Education, Duke University, March 19, 1987.

L. Robin Keller and Rakesh K. Sarin, "I'm Fairly Fair About Fairness; or Equity in Social Risk: Some Empirical Observations," 25th Annual Bayesian Research Conference, Los Angeles, CA, February 1987.

L. Robin Keller, "Towards a Prescriptive Paradigm for Problem Structuring," Decision Analysis Workshop, The Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Jan. 29, 1987.

L. Robin Keller and Rakesh K. Sarin, "Equity in Social Risk: Some Empirical Observations," invited presentation at the Operations Research Society of America - Institute of Management Sciences Joint National Meeting, Miami, Florida, October 27-29, 1986. Also presented to local Orange County Chapter of ORSA/TIMS, September 10, 1986.

L. Robin Keller and William E. Lambert, "Multiattribute Utility Modeling of Cardiac Health Effects," invited presentation at the VIIth International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making," August 18-22, 1986, Kyoto, Japan.

L. Robin Keller, Rakesh K. Sarin and Martin Weber, "Empirical Investigation of Some Properties of the Perceived Riskiness of Gambles," presented at the Behavioral Decision Research in Management Conference, Cornell University, June 5-7, 1986.

L. Robin Keller, "Twenty Years of Experiments on the Riskiness of Gambles," invited presentation at the Conference on Risk Measurement: Axiomatics, Experiments, and Applications, Lake Arrowhead, California, June 1-5, 1986. Written lecture notes available for distribution.

L. Robin Keller, "It's Risky to Speak About Perceived Risk," presented at the 24th Annual Bayesian Research Conference, Los Angeles, California, February 1986.

L. Robin Keller, Rakesh K. Sarin, Martin Weber, "Evaluation of Some Properties of Perceived Risk Measures," invited presentation at the Institute of Management Sciences - Operations Research Society of America Joint National Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, April 29 - May 1, 1985.

L. Robin Keller, "Decision Problem Representation," invited presentation at the Lehrstuhl fur Unternehmensforschung (Operations Research), Rheinisch-Westfalische-Technische-Hochschule, Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany, June 1984.

L. Robin Keller, "Trends in Utility Conformance with Variations in Decision Problem Parameters," presented at the Twenty-sixth International Conference of the Institute of Management Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1984.

L. Robin Keller and Peter H. Farquhar, "Decisions Under Certainty: Assessment Methods for Value Functions," invited presentation at the Institute of Management Sciences-Operations Research Society of America Joint National Meeting, San Francisco, California, May 1984.

L. Robin Keller, "I Differ with Gamblers About Comparing Differences: Measurable Value Function Assessment," presented at the 22nd Annual Bayesian Research Conference, Los Angeles, California, February 1984.

L. Robin Keller, "Measurable Value Function Assessment," presented at the Operations Research Society of America/Institute of Management Sciences Joint National Meeting, Orlando, Florida, November 1983.

L. Robin Keller, "The Effects of Decision Problem Representation on Utility Conformance," presented at the Operations Research Society of America/Institute of Management Sciences Joint National Meeting, San Diego, California, October 1982.

L. Robin Keller, "Inducing Rational Decision-Making Behavior," presented at the Operations Research Society of America/The Institute of Management Sciences Joint National Meeting, Houston, Texas, October 1981.

L. Robin Keller, "An Empirical Investigation of Relative Risk Aversion," presented at the Institute of Management Sciences/Operations Research Society of America Joint National Meeting, Washington, D.C., May 1980.